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<title>Autothrottle</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autothrottle</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a similar system in cars, see <a href="Cruise_control" title="Cruise control">cruise control</a>.</div>

<p>An <b>autothrottle</b> (automatic <a href="Throttle" title="Throttle">throttle</a>; also known as <b>autothrust</b>, <b>A/T</b>, or <b>A/THR</b>) is a system that allows a <a href="Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">pilot</a> to control the power setting of an <a href="Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>'s <a href="Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">engines</a> by specifying a desired flight characteristic, rather than manually controlling the fuel flow. The autothrottle can greatly reduce the pilots' workload and help conserve <a href="Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> and extend engine life by metering the precise amount of fuel required to attain a specific target <a href="Indicated_air_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicated air speed">indicated air speed</a>, or the assigned power for different phases of flight. A/T and AFDS (Auto Flight Director Systems) can work together to fulfill the whole flight plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Working_modes">Working modes</h2></div>

<p>There are two parameters that an A/T can maintain, or try to attain: <a href="Airspeed" title="Airspeed">speed</a> and <a href="Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a>.

</p><p>In <b>speed mode</b> the throttle is positioned to attain a set target speed, subject to safe operating margins. For example, if the pilot selects a target speed which is slower than <a href="Stall_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (flight)">stall speed</a>, the autothrottle system maintains a speed above the stall speed.

</p><p>In the <b>thrust mode</b> the engine is maintained at a fixed power setting according to the different flight phases. For example, during <a href="Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a>, the A/T maintains constant takeoff power until takeoff mode is finished. During <a href="Climb_(aeronautics)" title="Climb (aeronautics)">climb</a>, the A/T maintains constant climb power; in <a href="Descent_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent (aircraft)">descent</a>, the A/T reduces the setting to the idle position, and so on. When the A/T is working in thrust mode, speed is controlled by <a href="Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">pitch</a> (or the control column), and not by the A/T. A <a href="Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">radar altimeter</a> feeds data to the autothrottle in this mode.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div>

<p>On <a href="Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>-type aircraft, A/T can be used in all flight phases from <a href="Takeoff" title="Takeoff">takeoff</a>, <a href="Climb_(aeronautics)" title="Climb (aeronautics)">climb</a>, <a href="Cruise_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise (flight)">cruise</a>, <a href="Descent_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent (aircraft)">descent</a>, <a href="Final_approach_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Final approach (aviation)">approach</a>, all the way to <a href="Landing" title="Landing">land</a> or <a href="Go-around" title="Go-around">go-around</a>, barring malfunction. <a href="Taxiing" title="Taxiing">Taxi</a> is not considered a part of flight, and A/T does not work for taxiing. In most cases, A/T mode selection is automatic without the need of any manual selection unless interrupted by pilots.

</p><p>According to Boeing-published flight procedures, A/T is engaged before the takeoff procedure and is automatically disconnected two seconds after landing. During flight, manual override of A/T is always available. A release of manual override allows A/T to regain control, and the throttle will go back to the A/T commanded position except for two modes (Boeing type aircraft): IDLE and THR HLD. In these two modes, the throttle will remain at the manual commanded position.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>A primitive autothrottle was first fitted to later versions of the <a href="Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a> <a href="Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet</a> <a href="Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a> late in <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. However, the first commercial airplane with this system (named AutoPower) was the <a href="DC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-3">DC-3</a> (since 1956). The first version was able to keep a constant <a href="Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> but speed-only during approach. When the possibility of maintaining speed during an entire flight was introduced, it led to the creation of the modern autothrottle. The <a href="North_American_A-5_Vigilante" title="North American A-5 Vigilante">RA-5C Vigilante</a> used an autothrottle actuated by the input from <a href="Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a> installed in the tail which caused the throttle to be sensitive to movement of the <a href="Stabilator" title="Stabilator">stabilator</a>. This allowed the pilot to adjust the throttle setting during landing approach by stick input alone.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Shortly after AutoPower's success, two companies, Sperry (now part of Honeywell) and Collins started competing in the development of an autothrottle, with more and more liners and business jets being equipped with it.

</p><p>Today, it is often linked to a <a href="Flight_Management_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight Management System">Flight Management System</a>. <a href="FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a> is an extension of the autothrottle concept and controls many other parameters besides fuel flow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li>

<li><a href="Asiana_Airlines_Flight_214" title="Asiana Airlines Flight 214">Asiana Airlines Flight 214</a> - crashed when the pilot changed the auto pilot setting that disengaged the auto-throttle</li>

<li><a href="Atlas_Air_Flight_3591" title="Atlas Air Flight 3591">Atlas Air Flight 3591</a> – 2019 crash of a <a href="Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a> freighter in which the pilot unknowingly switched the A/T to <a href="Go-around" title="Go-around">go-around</a> mode in <a href="Instrument_meteorological_conditions" title="Instrument meteorological conditions">instrument meteorological conditions</a> and suffered a head-up <a href="Somatogravic_illusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatogravic illusion">somatogravic illusion</a></li>

<li><a href="TAROM_Flight_371" title="TAROM Flight 371">TAROM Flight 371</a> - crashed after an auto-throttle failure and incapacitation of the captain</li>

<li><a href="Sriwijaya_Air_Flight_182" title="Sriwijaya Air Flight 182">Sriwijaya Air Flight 182</a> - crashed after an auto-throttle failure</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPope2015" class="citation web cs1">Pope, Stephen (29 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flyingmag.com/avionics-gear-autothrottle-advances">"Autothrottle Advances"</a>. <i>Flying</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flaps2approach.com/journal/2014/9/2/b737-autothrottle-at-normal-and-non-normal-operations.html">"B737 Autothrottle (A/T) - Normal and Non-Normal Operations"</a>. September 2, 2014.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.carrierbuilders.net/articles/20050901_RA-5C_Review/RA5C_Vigilante2.htm">https://www.carrierbuilders.net/articles/20050901_RA-5C_Review/RA5C_Vigilante2.htm</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North American Rockwell A3J/A-5 Vigilante' by Dennis R. Jenkins, ISBN 0 942548 14 0, First published: Sept 1989, 56 pages.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://airwingmedia.com/downloads/a5-vigilante/">https://airwingmedia.com/downloads/a5-vigilante/</a></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style><span class="citation patent" id="harv"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=USUS3362661">US patent US3362661</a>, Booth George C, Post Morris H, Prilliman Floyd W, Redmond Jr William G, "Autothrottle", issued 1968-1-9</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=US3362661&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Autothrottle&rft.inventor=Booth+George+C%2C+Post+Morris+H%2C+Prilliman+Floyd+W%2C+Redmond+Jr+William+G&rft.date=1968-1-9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Jet_engines_and_aircraft_gas_turbines283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engines</a> and <a href="Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft</a> <a href="Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbines</a><br> and <a href="Jet_propulsion" title="Jet propulsion">jet propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_turborocket" title="Air turborocket">Air turborocket</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">Pulsejet</a>/<a href="Valveless_pulsejet" title="Valveless pulsejet">Valveless pulsejet</a>/<a href="Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet" title="Gluhareff Pressure Jet">Gluhareff Pressure Jet</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">Pulse detonation engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Propfan" title="Propfan">Propfan</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbojet" title="Turbojet">Turbojet</a></li>

<li><a href="Turboprop" title="Turboprop">Turboprop</a></li>

<li><a href="Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">Turboshaft</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramjet" title="Ramjet">Ramjet</a></li>

<li><a href="Scramjet" title="Scramjet">Scramjet</a></li>

<li><a href="Shcramjet" title="Shcramjet">Shcramjet</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotating_detonation_engine" title="Rotating detonation engine">Rotating detonation engine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical<br> components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accessory_drive" title="Accessory drive">Accessory drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Components_of_jet_engines#Air_intakes" title="Components of jet engines">Air intake</a></li>

<li><a href="Afterburner" title="Afterburner">Afterburner (reheat)</a></li>

<li><a href="Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">Axial compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">Centrifugal compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Combustor" title="Combustor">Combustor</a></li>

<li><a href="Constant_speed_drive" title="Constant speed drive">Constant speed drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Impeller" title="Impeller">Impeller</a></li>

<li><a href="Nose_bullet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nose bullet">Nose bullet</a></li>

<li><a href="Propelling_nozzle" title="Propelling nozzle">Propelling nozzle</a></li>

<li><a href="Turbine_blade" title="Turbine blade">Turbine blade</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aircraft_engine_starting" title="Aircraft engine starting">Aircraft engine starting</a></li>

<li><a href="Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air</a></li>

<li><a href="Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">Bypass ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Compressor_stall" title="Compressor stall">Compressor stall</a></li>

<li><a href="Engine_pressure_ratio" title="Engine pressure ratio">Engine pressure ratio (EPR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Flameout" title="Flameout">Flameout</a></li>

<li><a href="Jet_engine_performance" title="Jet engine performance">Jet engine performance</a></li>

<li><a href="Overall_pressure_ratio" title="Overall pressure ratio">Overall pressure ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Propulsive_efficiency" title="Propulsive efficiency">Propulsive efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></li>

<li><a href="Thrust" title="Thrust">Thrust</a></li>

<li><a href="Thrust_lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust lapse">Thrust lapse</a></li>

<li><a href="Thrust_specific_fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust specific fuel consumption">Thrust specific fuel consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Thrust_to_weight_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust to weight ratio">Thrust to weight ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable_cycle_engine" title="Variable cycle engine">Variable cycle engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Windmill_restart" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmill restart">Windmill restart</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">Propellers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Propeller_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller governor">Propeller governor</a></li>

<li><a href="Propeller_speed_reduction_unit" title="Propeller speed reduction unit">Propeller speed reduction unit</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Autofeather" title="Autofeather">Autofeather</a></li>

<li><a href="Blade_pitch" title="Blade pitch">Blade pitch</a></li>

<li><a href="Constant-speed_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-speed propeller">Constant-speed</a></li>

<li><a href="Contra-rotating_propellers" title="Contra-rotating propellers">Contra-rotating</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-rotating_propellers" title="Counter-rotating propellers">Counter-rotating</a></li>

<li><a href="Proprotor" title="Proprotor">Proprotor</a></li>

<li><a href="Scimitar_propeller" title="Scimitar propeller">Scimitar</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">Variable-pitch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine<br> instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_centralised_aircraft_monitor" title="Electronic centralised aircraft monitor">Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight data recorder">Flight data recorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aircraft_engine_controls" title="Aircraft engine controls">Engine controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="FADEC" title="FADEC">Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li>

<li><a href="Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">Fuel</a> and induction<br> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flame_holder" title="Flame holder">Flame holder</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air-start_system" title="Air-start system">Air-start system</a></li>

<li><a href="Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit (APU)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aircraft_components_and_systems469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aircraft_components_and_systems469" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Aircraft</a> components and <a href="Aircraft_systems" title="Aircraft systems">systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Airframe" title="Airframe">Airframe</a> structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li>

<li><a href="Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li>

<li><a href="Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li>

<li><a href="Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li>

<li><a href="Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li>

<li><a href="Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li>

<li><a href="Former" title="Former">Former</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li>

<li><a href="Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li>

<li><a href="Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li>

<li><a href="Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li>

<li><a href="Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li>

<li><a href="Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li>

<li><a href="Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li>

<li><a href="Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li>

<li><a href="Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li>

<li><a href="Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li>

<li><a href="Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li>

<li><a href="Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li>

<li><a href="Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li>

<li><a href="Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li>

<li><a href="Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li>

<li><a href="Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li>

<li><a href="Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li>

<li><a href="Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li>

<li><a href="Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li>

<li><a href="Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li>

<li><a href="Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li>

<li><a href="HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li>

<li><a href="Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li>

<li><a href="Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li>

<li><a href="Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li>

<li><a href="Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li>

<li><a href="Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li>

<li><a href="Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br>devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li>

<li><a href="Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li>

<li><a href="Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li>

<li><a href="Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li>

<li><a href="Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li>

<li><a href="Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li>

<li><a href="Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li>

<li><a href="Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li>

<li><a href="Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li>

<li><a href="Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li>

<li><a href="Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li>

<li><a href="Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li>

<li><a href="Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li>

<li><a href="Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li>

<li><a href="Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li>

<li><a href="Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br>instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li>

<li><a href="Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li>

<li><a href="Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li>

<li><a href="Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li>

<li><a href="Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li>

<li><a href="Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li>

<li><a href="Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br> devices and <a href="Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li>

<li><a href="Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li>

<li><a href="Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li>

<li><a href="Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li>

<li><a href="NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li>

<li><a href="Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li>

<li><a href="Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li>

<li><a href="Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li>

<li><a href="War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li>

<li><a href="Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li>

<li><a href="Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li>

<li><a href="Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li>

<li><a href="Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li>

<li><a href="Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li>

<li><a href="Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li>

<li><a href="Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li>

<li><a href="Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li>

<li><a href="Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li>

<li><a href="Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li>

<li><a href="Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li>

<li><a href="In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li>

<li><a href="Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li>

<li><a href="Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li>

<li><a href="Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flight_instruments110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Flight_instruments110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">Flight instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot-static</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Machmeter" title="Machmeter">Machmeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">Gyroscopic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Turn_coordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn coordinator">Turn coordinator</a></li>

<li><a href="Turn_indicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn indicator">Turn indicator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">Inertial navigation system</a></li>

<li><a href="Compass" title="Compass">Magnetic compass</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_data_inertial_reference_unit" title="Air data inertial reference unit">Air data inertial reference unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li>

<li><a href="Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">Integrated standby instrument system</a></li>

<li><a href="Primary_flight_display" title="Primary flight display">Primary flight display</a></li>

<li><a href="V_speeds" title="V speeds">V speeds</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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